Likewise, in southern Africa, historians have shown how the massive migration of men to mines and factories around the turn of the 20th century precipitated new understandings of “traditional” culture, emphasizing women’s subordination, powerful elder male chieftaincy, and rigid customary land laws. Thus, the British historian Eric Hobsbawm described the invention and deployment of neotraditions surrounding the mythic hero Ossian, bagpipes, and kilts in constructing a new Scottish national identity in the 18th century at a time of rapid class transformation, urbanization, and the decline of feudal forms of social solidarity. They can be especially useful tools for the consolidation of group identity in circumstances of rapid and confusing social change. Neotraditions serve political goals and are the subject of political contestation over the definitions of historical memory and “authentic” culture. In that sense, one cannot speak of politically unproblematic “traditions” of, for example, democratic participation (e.g., panchayat village councils in India and Pancasila democracy in Indonesia) but rather of specific efforts to identify and promulgate particular and always modified versions of remembered culture and institutions as neotraditions. An approach focusing on neotraditionalism treats seemingly historical institutions, practices, and values as moldable resources, subject to ongoing social and political contestation. Contested traditionsĪs a concept, neotraditionalism breaks with notions of deeply rooted cultural essences or characterizations of static antimodern tradition. Neotraditionalism can be especially prominent in contexts of rapid social change or when people question the nature or benefits of that which is presented as “developmental” or “modern.” Neotraditionalism suggests that the form a regime takes, the nature of law, the means by which the arbitrariness of rulers can be blocked, and other forms of interaction between state and society should take into account or resonate with local definitions of authentic culture and historical memory. It can serve as a strategy of political legitimation, and it is deployed in different ways by both elites and ordinary people.
Neotraditionalism entails a degree of contestation over culture and memory. Neotraditionalism, in politics, the deliberate revival and revamping of old cultures, practices, and institutions for use in new political contexts and strategies.
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